Genetic Factors And Its Effects On The Silk Road - 763 Words

Prevalence of BD is higher in geographical areas along the Silk Road, covering the region from the Mediterranean through the Far East. Prevalence studies in Turkey revealed that the prevalence of BD varied between 20 and 421 per 100 000 in adults with a higher frequency detected in Anatolia compared to Europe [12]. BD is considered as both autoimmune disease and autoinflammatory disorder. It is thought that common environmental factors play a role in development of BD, however it is suggested that onset of disease occurs only in genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic factors have been scrutinized widely in BD. Familial aggregation studies in patients with BD suggest a strong genetic background and intricate inheritance model.†¦show more content†¦MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine reported to be related with the pathophysiology of several inflammatory reactions. MIF is largely expressed component of the immune system that is produced in response to various stimuli su ch as lipopolysaccharide (via toll-like receptor-4, TLR-4), pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ± and INF-ÃŽ ³, and hypoxia [18]. MIF then up-regulates the expression of TLR-4, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and plays a role as a cofactor for the activation of T-cells. Research has shown that MIF levels are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [19], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [20], insulin resistance [21], and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [22]. All these disorders are associated with persistent inflammation, it is crucial to search for elucidating the role of MIF in pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, an elevated MIF concentration was found in the serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and neuro-Behà §et [23]. Also, the mean MIF levels in the sera of the patients with Behà §et uveitis and iridocyclitis was found to be higher than those of healthy control subjects [24, 25]. Also, it was reported that the mean s erum level of MIF in patients with BD was higher in patients with BD than in healthy controls [26, 27]. Variants in promoter have an impact on the basal and/or inducedShow MoreRelatedThe Transformation Of Collective Learning898 Words   |  4 Pagesexchange and therefor increasing the ability for collective learning. The establishment of trade between these civilisations opened up more possibilities for the exchange of information and technology, one of these was the establishment of the Silk Road a network of trade routes linking the east Eurasia with the west. Theses series of trade routes linked most of the known world of the time and allowed new technologies and information to be shared more effectively. Additionally the use of messengersRead More Eating Disorders and Alcohol Abuse Essay2965 Words   |  12 Pagessubstantiating a correlation between these two behavioral and addictive disorders. Alcoholism affects nearly 14 million United States citizens (http://silk.nih.gov/ silk/niaaa1/publication/booklet.htm ). The four basic elements of this disease include a craving for, loss of control over, physical dependence on, and tolerance to alcohol (http://silk.nih.gov/silk/niaaa1/publication/booklet.htm). Unfortunately, there is no cure for alcoholism, although various forms of treatment have become available. Eating disordersRead MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 Pagesincreased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production. The major agriculturalRead MoreThe Effects of Overpopulation Consumption Essay3165 Words   |  13 Pagessmall groups. If a population is small, consumption is at a low rate. If a population is large, consumption rates are high. When consumption rates are high resources tend to be depleted faster. Many factors go into determining population size and the consumption rate of a population. Some of the factors include fertility rates, age expectancy, technological advances, immigration, and environmental conditions. 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Teenage Pregnancy Is A Growing Problem - 1782 Words

Introduction Teenage pregnancy is a growing problem today even though statistically over the history it has improved the U.S. still has the highest teen pregnancy rate. These issues have a spiraling effect with the teenage parents or the mother. Financial, academic, and childcare for a teenage parent can be stressful and demanding more so with a teenager. Not only will the child of the teenager be affected but the parent and the community will have adverse effect. Thesis Even though with proper information on sexual education and the risks of teenage pregnancy such as health, financial and mental can help reduce the numbers in the future. Teenage pregnancy can put many burden on the parents and the community (local or federal†¦show more content†¦Peer Pressure: Social status is a good contributing factor when it comes to school. Most teens want the status of being popular and in some cases, they find that being sexually active give the perception of maturity and being cool. Most teen pregnancies are because of the girls lack of confidence or self-worth, this leads into them feeling ugly and eventually doing sexual favors for the guys to get attention. When these teenagers continue to conduct unprotected sex eventually this can lead to pregnancy. The Kaiser Family Foundation states that more than 29 percent of pregnant teens reported that they felt pressured to have sex, and 33 percent of pregnant teens stated that they felt that they were not ready for a sexual relationship, but proceeded anyway because they feared ridicule or rejection (Langham, 2015). Lack of Parental guidance: Another reason that the teens get pregnant is that they lack the guidance from their parent especially, when it’s a single parent. Parent are either too busy or their teen feels like they can’t talk about sex and end up with little to no information. Some parents can put a lot of restrictions to their teenager, especially girls to protect them from harm. This can lead to increased frustration, curiosity, or even feeling of not being loved from overprotection. There are more motivators to have sex today than not for early teenagers. In the United State, a child born to a teen are very likely toShow MoreRelatedTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage moms that are still in high school get pregnant at a young age, and are not able to support themselves or their child. There were just under a quarter million pregnancies in women ages fifteen to nineteen in 2014. About eighty-five percent of these pr egnancies are unplanned, which in any population can increase the risk for problems. The biggest risk for teen mothers is delaying prenatal care or worse, about seven percent received no care at all. 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Personality and Job Performance Purposeful Work Behaviour

Question: Describe about the Personality and Job Performance for Purposeful Work Behaviour. Answer: Introduction This paper is based on a research aiming at determining the relationship between job performance and personality. The topic of the relationship between job performance and personality is the most studied subject by the Organizational behavior students and industrial psychologists (Barrick Mount 2013, p. 136). Job performance is defined by Barrick and Mount (2013) as a construct which is multi-dimensional. It indicates how best employees perform their duties and the initiative they take that results to how the resourcefulness they portray in solving problems. Furthermore, it also shows how the employees utilize the available resources and the energy and time that they spend on their tasks (Barros et.al 2014, p. 440). What affects the job performance can be affected by some situational factors that include the organization, features of the job, and the co-workers. Therefore, job performance is mainly influenced by the need for change, amplitude, effective temperate, self-regard, and the interaction between the named constructs. In regards to this fact, most psychologists have over time questioned the credibility of the importance of personality with regards to prediction of job performance. However, going by the illustration by Hassan et.al (2016), most of the research on matters of personality and job performance has yielded evidence that relates the two with personality being a useful tool in measuring any job-related criteria. In an attempt to discuss more on the topic, we look at the relationship between job performance and personality from the traits point of view, also regarded as the five personality dimensions. Before studying the concepts under the big five personality dimension, it is relevant to understand that the relevance of the dimensions differs by culture. The dimensions include conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience. Neuroticism. This is a personality dimension that is normal. Neuroticism indicates the universal tendency to experience negative effects like anger, sadness, embarrassment, guilt, disgust, and fear. The individuals having high score in this category may be subjected to higher risks of psychiatric problems. According to Brown and Sitzmann (2011), a higher Neuroticism score implies that the person is prone to experiencing unreasonable ideas and poor coping with stress. More so, the individuals in this category can be said to be having difficulties in controlling impulses too. However, the individuals who experience low score of Neuroticism have higher emotional stability. It is, therefore, evident that Neuroticism is an ideal predictor of performance in various occupations. Going by their assertion, emotional stability is regarded as the second most among the important characteristics that are known to affect the employment of a candidate. It was noted further that Neuroticism is inversely proportional to the job performance. Nevertheless, Chan (2014) predicts that Neuroticism only predicts the job performance in specific circumstances. Extraversion. Talkativeness, assertiveness, and sociability all fall under Extraversion. It is within this dimension that we find the terms "extroverts" and introverts." Extraverts tend to be more optimistic and energetic whereas introverts are a bit reserved, independent, and even-paced. Furthermore, Dala and Crede (2013) insists that positive experiences and feelings characterize Extraversion, hence seen as a positive effect. Most research points at Extraversion as an ideal predictor of job performance that are characterized by social interactions like managers and sales personnel. Lloyd (2016) also found out that Extraversion affects the job performance of a police officer basing his arguments on the existence of a higher level of interaction in the police service. Openness to Experience. Openness to Experience comprises of the attentiveness to the inner feelings, active imagination, and preference for variety, aesthetic sensitivity, independence of judgment, and the intellectual curiosity. The individuals that score low on the openness are always a bit of conventional in both the behavior and also conservative in the outside look. On the other hand, the individuals with higher scores in this category are somehow muted with preparedness to question authority and also ready to entertain political and social ideas as well as entertaining new ethical ideas. A recent research ascertains that Openness to Experience is one of the best dimension applicable in matters dealing with consultations. The findings had it that most successful employees had a low score on the Openness to Experience. However, Natoli (2003) contradicts the same and states that it is not one of the best or invalid predictor of job performance. This is explainable by considering after establishing that different jobs have different requirements, hence not standard. Agreeableness. In simpler term, this concept refers to an individual who is fundamentally altruistic who does not only sympathize, but also eager to help others in given situations. On the other hand, a disagreeable are rather skeptical of other people's intentions. Agreeableness is an important predictor of an individual's performance. It is further clear that agreeable is the master when it comes to predicting the job performance. Having said that, it is a debatable source of success in occupations that involves teamwork and customer service. Conscientiousness. Shaffer and Postlethwaite (2013) explains conscientiousness to be the self-control achievable and useful in planning, determined, and strong-willed. On the other hand, a higher conscientiousness workers would develop annoying fastidiousness, workaholic behavior, or compulsive neatness. Again, the low scoring individuals in this category may have the morals, yes, but might fail to apply them appropriately. According Zigarmi et.al (2016), the relationship between job performance and Conscientiousness is attributable to the relationship between integrity and Conscientiousness (Hassan et.al 2016, p. 12). Furthermore, goal setting and autonomy influences the relationship between conscientiousness. Discussion Most people believe that the personality factors plays a very crucial part in job performance. However, the psychologists have a different literature that regards the issue of personality factors as equivocal. Therefore, Dala and Crede (2013) concluded that the ground for optimism with reference to the implementation of personality tests in predicting the performance of the employees. It is believed that the workers who lean most towards Extraversion and are vulnerable to have irrational ideas are poor in coping up with stressful conditions. Such individuals are known to be less creative compared to the emotionally stable. Therefore, given that the extraversion is associated with creativity and performance, it tends to experience utmost positive affect in employees. The conical analysis is a confirmation that the Openness to Experience is correlated to the performance and creativity. With regards to this, the employees who tend to be open to experiences shows attentiveness to feelings, aesthetic sensitivity, and active imagination. As a result, such employees always attract higher ratings on their performance and creativity at the workplace. Similarly, Conscientiousness is also associated with creativity and task performance. As confirmed by Lloyd (2016), the conscientious employees are better than the less conscientious in performing the duties at the workplace. Furthermore, the management performance is confirmed to be related to the emotional stability and openness to experience. However, some limitations still crop up whenever the topic on job performance and personality is discussed. To begin with, the latest research that was conducted on the same lack the predictive validity design. This results to the fleeing of most of the poor performers who cannot cope with the system at the place of work. Therefore, it is advisable to establish the most accurate direction of the. Limitations, Contributions, and Future Research In order to establish the facts, the topic requires a direct engagement with the subjects, who tend to be employees of a given organization. On the same note, it is clear that whenever a research is performed, the point of exhaustion of the list of traits that can moderate the personality. Also, it might become a tasking operation in determining all other cues. As stated by Brown and Sitzmann (2011), most researchers tend to focus mostly on the job-based or task-based cues such as human resource systems or social factors. Therefore, to enhance future research, there is a need for studying the variables as the situational moderators. Secondly, most models used in the research tends to ground in the degree at which the personality traits expresses themselves in the job performance. Therefore, the possibility in the case for which the personality expresses itself in behavior is omitted. According to Eggerth (2015), there is a necessity of ensuring that more appropriate approaches are developed for future research. The improvisation should aim at researching on how situations activate or impede the expression of the traits and how the traits get manifested in specific job behaviors that lead to performance. Besides, some cases tend to be irregular for instance in a case where an extravert feels like or behave like an extravert, or feel more motivated to produce the assertion behaviors. The third related issue is the measurement consideration. This aspect is mainly dependent on the intimately situational differences. This difference revolves around the organization, occupation, and the nature of the work. Looking at this, a typical example is a case whereby an accountant would prefer to work as an accountant in a keratin organization or place but not at another organization. This means that motivations and ability of each employee determine the job performance of each employee. Furthermore, at times idiosyncrasies develops making every other person argue that situational approach is the best. Another possible explanation that brings out the lack of pure relationship between the the task performance and dimensions of personality is the ineffective well-defined correlation between the two. It is, therefore, true to state that the personality dimensions influences the job performance in places where there is high autonomy (Lloyd 2016, p. 8). However, most studies have various limitations, to begin with, most research lacks the validity design which later affects the magnitude of the correlation coefficients that are obtainable. The most experienced disadvantage of the design is that most research is conducted amidst resignation of poor performers hence leading to wrong results. For that reason, most of the research designs fail to meet the criteria for determining the direction of the relationship obtained. Having done research on the interrelationship between the job performance and personality of a high school Principal, the result showed there is a direct relation between his traits and job performance. Looking at the principals personality character traits (introversion/extroversion) and the performance aspect (educational, managerial, professional, and administrative, it is true to say that there is a correlation. It comes out true to the assertion by Glavin (2015) that a performance of extroverted employees or top managers is better than for the introverted fellows. In considering the multiple regressions obtained about the personality characteristics and the employees performance score, the results shows variation. The central question that needs a lot of understanding is the relationship between an introverted principal and extroverted principal considering their various administrative and managerial procedures. The study has investigated the correlation between the five personality traits and the job performance based on the role of multidimensional organizational commitment. The theoretical model which was developed and the personality to commitment and performance shows that the consequence of organizational commitment is inevitable (Wei 2016, p. 872). The argument, therefore, stands that the commitment of an organization plays a vital part to determine the performance- personality relationship. Having said that, affective commitment also has a mediating part in determining the correlation between job performance and extraversion. Similarly, affective commitment can also resolve the relationship between job performance and neuroticism. Personality and job performance Going by the large-scale research data obtained from thousands of employees on the relationship between job performance and personality, Seddigh et.al (2016) argues that certain personality traits are relevant and significantly predict job performance. With this assumption, the possibility to support the use of personality in some employee selection in given job categories. The following are some of the specified job categories where a selection of employees can be based on specific personal traits. Sales Considering the sales position, conscientiousness is one of the best traits necessary in predicting the future performance. Apart from conscientiousness, extraversion as a trait comes second and is also necessary. With that, it follows that an employee with conscientiousness and extraversion traits makes the best sales person (Eggerth 2015, p. 458). Customer Service Given that the employee in this sector mingles with a lot of individuals from different diversities and background, it requires that the employees have multiple traits. In this category, conscientiousness again is the first character necessary in predicting the expected performance by the employee. Besides, Agreeableness and Openness to experience are also of great necessity when it comes to customer service job. According to Eggerth (2015), the call center employees productivity depends on their emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness which are all significant in improving. However, it creates an unusual mix that implies the complexity pattern of personality-based jobs that are rather demanding and complicated depending on the interpersonal interactions. Wei (2016) shows another hierarchy on the same giving conscientiousness as the strongest predictor followed by emotional stability, which according to him, is less significant. Whether skilled or semi-skilled, it is evident that at some given time, ones personality would determine how he/she performs his/her duties. Professional With regards to professional occupations, each profession has a different mix of personal traits that predicts the performance. However, conscientiousness is common to any profession of all the big five traits. Conscientiousness is the mother of all the personal traits that significantly predicts performance (Eggerth 2015, p. 458). Leadership Leadership begins from somewhere and is seen in two ways. The first leadership deals with how a regular employee emerges as a leader, and the second phase is how they perform once they get to the managerial post. Leadership emergence is strongly associated with the conscientiousness and extraversion. On the same note, leadership effectiveness, and good managerial performance are also dependent on the conscientiousness and extraversion. The personal traits, therefore, makes an employee to get noticed as a potential leader but become less important once one clinch to the leadership position (Brown and Sitzmann 2011, p. 470). This is factual given that leadership roles are complex and different set of skills and personality traits are only effective to specific leadership. Personality vs. other predictors Whenever an organization gets overenthusiastic on the possibility of populating their staff with certain personalities, they tend to forget that personality only represents a segment of a wider picture. Besides, in each organization, the process of identifying the best predictors requires a vigorous job performance analysis. Therefore, it is important to note that each trait may be less or more important in different contexts. Recommendations Going by the findings of the various researches concerning personality and job performance, organizations have to do something extra in establishing the connection. It is necessary for the relevant bodies to envisage the personality of the employees while predicting managerial performance and creativity. However, conducting more research is necessary before using the results to predict job performance since they might not have been achieved in a particular context. On the same note, a broader sampling is needful when it comes to establish the relationship between personality dimensions and job performance. Furthermore, the affects of language and cultural differences on the relationship between dimension and job performance need to be considered in the study. Conclusion Of all the predictors, conscientiousness is above any other regarding performance prediction across all job types. Second in the hierarchy, after conscientiousness is emotional stability. However, depending on the type of job, additional traits might become necessary. For instance, the jobs that have a stronger interpersonal component such as managerial and customer service would require agreeableness and openness at higher levels in predicting the possible outcome of the performance. However, new researches are underway in determining the possibility and how to combine the specific traits for each of the big-five for more efficiency in predicting job performances. List of references Barros, E, Kausel, E, Cuadra, F, Daz, D 2014, 'Using General Mental Ability and Personality Traits to Predict Job Performance in Three Chilean Organizations', International Journal Of Selection Assessment, 22, 4, pp. 432-438, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. 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Uppal, N, Mishra, S, Vohra, N 2014, 'Prior Related Work Experience and Job Performance: Role of personality', International Journal Of Selection Assessment, 22, 1, pp. 39-51, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. WEI, L 2016, 'EFFECTS OF POSITIVE MOOD AND JOB COMPLEXITY ON EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY AND PERFORMANCE', Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 44, 5, pp. 865-880, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. ZIGARMI, D, HOUSON, D, DIEHL, J, WITT, D 2016, '10 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS GAPS', Training, 53, 4, pp. 30-32, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016.